Publications & Research

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer for women. It is the second major cause of cancer that causes death after lung cancer in women. This paper portrays an on-body microstrip patch rectangular antenna, which is found to operate at ISM-Industrial, Scientific and Medical band of 2.4–2.4835 GHz after placing it on the surface of the human breast, designed in the CST microwave studio to specify the tumor in narrow bandwidth. Being highly flexible, FR4 is selected as a substrate, and copper is selected for both ground and patch. To guarantee the safety of the patient, a human breast phantom is constructed consisting of two layers- skin and glandular tissue. The tumor is positioned at different locations on the breast phantom model to ensure the efficiency of the device. The S11 value without tumor is −49.405 dB and the voltage standing wave ratio is 1.0067957. Specific absorption rate is 1.18, total efficiency is −6.846 dB and radiation efficiency is −6.846 dB. To make the device biocompatible, all these parameters are experimented by comparing the cancerous tumor’s location and without the cancerous tumor.

This paper is an extension of work originally presented in 2019 International Conference on Automation, Computational and Technology Management (ICACTM). A micro-strip patch in-body designed antenna is constructed on pacemaker to monitor and control the pacemaker wirelessly. The antenna is intended for ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band (2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz). A perfect electric conductor (PEC) is considered as pacemaker body and used as the ground of the propounded antenna having dimensions 40x 30 x 10 mm3. The patch material is chosen Copper having dimensions 35 x 22 x 0.1 mm3 and covered up with substrate material Rogers R03010 (loss tangent δ = 0.0035 and dielectric constant, r = 10.2) with thickness of 1.55 mm to make it compatible in human body. The designed antenna is placed and analyzed in 2/3 muscle equivalent phantom by changing the depth of the antenna. Results disclose that operating frequency is 2.464 GHz with reflection coefficient -28.37 dB. The antenna maintains frequency range from 1.8075GHz to 3.445 GHz, which represents wide bandwidth of 1.6375 GHz. To ensure the human body safety, specific absorption rate is analyzed and found 0.937 W/Kg for 10g tissue at operating frequency, which makes it biocompatible. The surface current distribution, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Current density, far-field radiation characteristics, radiation efficiency, and total efficiency are investigated to analyze the effect and performance of the designed antenna. CST Microwave Studio is used for simulation and analysis the parameters of the antenna.

This research work assumes the role of designing a Micro-strip patch antenna that exists with in the band range of 402 MHz to 405 MHz, which was considered as medical implantable communication systems (MICS) band and can be possibly implanted at human body phantom model because of its flexiblility and lower radiation characteristics. CST Microwave studio was used for designing the patch antenna and the human body phantom model with the existence of homogeneous layers (fat, skin and muscle) and the final version was fabricated. Being highly flexible, FR4 was chosen as a substrate to maintain 0.5 mm thickness throughout. For the ground and patch, copper material was selected having thickness of 0.018 mm. For the ease of fabrication and biocompatibility, silicon was selected with the thickness of being 8 mm. Maximum specific absorption rate of the proposed antenna was obtained 0.588 W/Kg for 10g tissue. Various Parameters such as VSWR, S11, Radiation efficiency, Total efficiency were found 1.1889, -21.28 dB, -45.71 dB, -45.74 dB respectively inside body phantom that ensure the antenna design was efficiently and effectively suitable for biotelemetry system which is body implantable. After fabrication the value of S11 is found -12.43 dB in open space with 453 MHz frequency.

Now-a-days the third cause of occurring death is brain tumor, which is ranking only behind heart disease and cancers through worldwide. This paper represents a wearable Micro-strip patch antenna, which works at Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.4-2.4835GHz) after implanting in human head with low radiation including a flexible compact size for detecting the brain tumor in a larger bandwidth. The antenna and the human head model is designed and simulated in CST Microwave studio, where FR4 is chosen as substrate for its flexibility characteristics and copper is chosen forpatch and for ground. For ensuring the safety of patient, the human head phantom model is made of consisting six homogeneous layers (Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Dura, Skull, Fat, and Skin). The antenna is surfaced on the human head phantom model to assure the patient safety and analyzed. Without tumor, the observed values of S11 is − 22.299953 dB, SAR is 0.03101 W/Kg in 10g tissue of human head model (ensuring the safety on Human body), Radiation efficiency is −15.04 dB and Total efficiency is −15.07 dB. All these parameters are analyzed to assure the suitability of the antenna, which is efficient, or not to wear on human head as well as measure the brain tumor.

Heart Attack is now a very common disease in our modern lifestyle. It occurs when heart is pumping too quickly or slowly or when body does not get enough blood. A pacemaker is an electrically charged medical device which is used to control irregular heartbeats called arrhythmias. It implants under the skin of our body. This paper represents an In-body patch antenna, which is designed on pacemaker with resonance frequency of 2.464 GHz. The antenna will be used to monitor the condition of the pacemaker wirelessly, weather it works properly or not. It can also be monitored heart function such as beat rate. The antenna is designed to operate at Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band (2.4 GHz-2.48 GHz) where the dimension of the antenna is and the dimension of the pacemaker is 40 × 30 × 10 mm3. The pacemaker box is imitated in the box of a perfect electric conductor, which is used as a ground of the proposed antenna to maintain the compact size. The pacemaker embedded in the 2/3 muscle-equivalent phantom where the distance between the top of the phantom and the antenna is changed and analyzed. The substrate and superstrate is chosen Rogers R03010 for its flexibility. At operating frequency (2.464 GHz), Reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, total efficiency, and radiation efficiency are found −28.37 dB, 1.08, −35.50 dB, and −35.50 dB. Besides that, far-field radiation characteristics and biocompatibility of this antenna also discussed in this paper to ensure that a comfortable design for wireless monitoring of pacemaker. CST microwave studio is used to design this antenna as well as to calculate the findings.

This paper presents a design of Micro-strip patch antenna which operate at medical implantable communication systems (MICS) band (402 MHz to 405 MHz) after implanting in body phantom model with low radiation in a flexible compact size. For designing the antenna and the human phantom model, CST Microwave studio is used. The human body phantom model contains three homogeneous layers as skin, fat and muscle. FR4 is used as the substrate with thickness of 0.5 mm of antenna for its flexibility property. The thickness of ground and patch is 0.018 mm where copper is chosen for ground. Due to biocompatibility, the antenna is fabricated into silicon with thickness of 8 mm before implanting inside the human body phantom model. The maximum specific absorption rate of this design with copper patch is measured 0.588 W/Kg in 10g tissue of human phantom model. S11, VSWR, Radiation efficiency, Total efficiency are also calculated which is −21.28 dB, 1.1889, −45.71 dB, −45.74 dB to assure that the design is comfortable as well as efficient for body implantable in biotelemetry system.

In this paper, an on-body patch antenna is proposed, which is designed based on Snap-On button. The antenna will operate at ISM (2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz) band with resonant frequency of 2.413 GHz. FR 408 is used as a substrate and pure copper as patch. The performance of antenna has been analyzed with two different textile materials of cotton and wool. A human phantom model is created with layer of skin, fat and muscle for tasting the antenna in Bio environment. S11 is found to be -15.18 dB and -15.17 dB for cotton and wool respectively on human phantom body. SAR is also observed for ensuring safety during on body applications and found 0.134W/kg and 0.136W/kg. All design and testing is simulated in CST STUDIO SUITE.